Human Physiology
Watch our video about how, alongside his human physiology degree, Isaac was able to gain first-hand experience using cutting-edge technology on a research project with academics and PhD students.
Wit…
Professor Emma Hodson-Tole
Professor Neuromuscular Biomechanics
Improving measurement and knowledge of skeletal muscle health & function
My profile
Biography
I obtained my Ph.D. in biomechanics and muscle physiology from University of London (Structure & Motion Laboratory, The Royal Veterinary College) in 2007. I was then a postdoctoral fellow in The School of Applied Physiology at Georgia Institute of Technology (USA) before being awarded a Sir Henry Wellcome Postdoctoral Fellowship, from The Wellcome Trust, and returning to the UK to work at Manchester Metropolitan University where I am currently Professor of Neuromuscular Biomechanics in the Musculoskeletal Sciences & Sports Medicine Research Centre.
My research investigates the functional relationships between anatomical, mechanical and physiological characteristics of skeletal muscle in healthy humans and those living with neurodegenerative diseases, such as Motor Neurone Disease. To do this I am leading development and application of new approaches to extract information from, and combine the use of, ultrasound imaging and electromyographic data. The overarching aim of my work is to:
- Provide innovative tools to transform our ability to measure and monitor skeletal muscle, by fusing the use of imaging and electrophysiology modalities and increasing the information extracted from them
- Use these tools to transform understanding of mechanisms of neuro-muscular function in health and disease
- Support development of the next generation of scientists, engineers and healthcare providers
Interests and expertise
- Functional significance of skeletal muscle anatomy and physiology
- Diagnosis & monitoring neurodegenerative disease
- Motor unit structure and recruitment strategies
- Role of variability in neuro-motor control and biomechanics
- Biomedical imaging: motor units to whole muscle
- Electromyography
Projects
Developing remote monitoring tools for assessing disease progression in Motor Neurone Disease
Funder: The MND Association
We are investigating whether MND causes unique changes in physical behaviours and if these can be used to predict if someone has MND and how quickly it may progress.
Currently there is a lack of methods to accurately and frequently measure changes in health and wellbeing as MND progresses. Recent advances in technology means that there are now methods of recording physical behaviour patterns in daily life. These measures of physical activity have been shown to indicate progression and response to treatment in other neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease. However, there have only been two studies that have explored the use of these measures in people with MND. This project will investigate whether MND causes unique changes in physical behaviour that can be used to identify if someone has MND and their stage of the disease, and whether changes in physical behaviour can be used to predict how quickly the disease will progress in people with MND.
Improving measurement of the effects of MND will enable more informed decisions about personalised care to be made and the effects of new potential treatments to be better evaluated.
Project team: Nina Mitic (PhD student), Prof. Gladys Pearson, Prof. Yonghong Peng, Dr. Amina Chaouch (MND Care Centre, Salford Royal Hospital), Prof. Chris McDermott (SITraN, University of Sheffield)
Star Cells
Star Cells is a two part project developing and performing eye catching virtual and live dance performances inspired by exciting neurophysiology research taking place at Manchester Metropolitan University and Imperial College and sponsored by The Physiological Society.
- Part 1, was a socially distanced, virtual promenade performance experienced through a self-guided walk that takes you through six stunning locations in and around St Pancras International, Kings Cross Station and The Francis Crick Institute in London.
- Part 2, Starcells Schools Challenge, involved recruiting enthusiastic young dancers from four schools & colleges across London to work with a select group of highly in-demand professional dancers. The pupils challenge was to devise and perform unique contemporary and urban dance works in public at the Great Exhibition Road Festival (June 2022).
Project Collaborators include: Combination Dance, Access Dance
Teaching
My teaching stems from my research interests, focusing on measurement and analysis of skeletal muscle function and behaviours of the peripheral nervous system. I use discussion groups, practicals and lectures to explore topics spanning excitation and contraction of single muscle fibres and differences seen between different fibre types (e.g., fast versus slow), through to considering what features of muscle mechanical force production may limit performance of sporting tasks.
I regularly supervise undergraduate and postgraduate students in projects exploring factors that influence skeletal muscle function (e.g., ageing, obesity, neurodegeneration) and welcome enquiries from anyone interested in joining my team.
Human Physiology
Muscle and bone. Brains and biochemistry. The fuel we consume and the air we breathe. Develop an expert understanding of the systems and organs that make humans tick. Our MSc Human Physiology degree o…
Research outputs
My research portfolio focuses on investigating skeletal muscle form and function, inspired by a life-long fascination in physical movement of animals including humans.
As appropriate functioning of the neuro-musculo-skeletal system is essential for survival (e.g. swallowing, breathing) and is required for any form of physical activity or exercise I have developed and applied new approaches to study integrated function of the nervous and muscle systems.
This means I use a highly multi-disciplinary approach within my research programme, combining physiological and biomechanical measurements of posture and gait with elements of signal processing, computer vision, information theory and in silico modelling.
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Journal articles
Esselaar, M., Parr, J.V.V., Wood, G., Hodson-Tole, E. (2023) 'Children with developmental coordination disorder have less variable motor unit firing rate characteristics across contractions compared to typically developing children.' Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 17
Harkness-Armstrong, C., Hodson-Tole, E.F., Wood, G., Mills, R. (2023) 'Children with developmental coordination disorder are less able to fine-tune muscle activity in anticipation of postural perturbations than typically developing counterparts.' Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 17
Murphy, J., Hodson-Tole, E., Vigotsky, A.D., Potvin, J.R., Fisher, J.P., Steele, J. (2023) 'Surface electromyographic frequency characteristics of the quadriceps differ between continuous high- and low-torque isometric knee extension to momentary failure.' Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 72
Planinc, D., Muhamood, N., Cabassi, C., Iniesta, R., Shaw, C.E., Hodson-Tole, E., Bashford, J. (2023) 'Fasciculation electromechanical latency is prolonged in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.' Clinical Neurophysiology, 145pp. 71-80.
Carbonaro, M., Meiburger, K.M., Seoni, S., Hodson-Tole, E.F., Vieira, T., Botter, A. (2022) 'Physical and electrophysiological motor unit characteristics are revealed with simultaneous high-density electromyography and ultrafast ultrasound imaging.' Scientific Reports, 12(1)
Parr, J.V.V., Hodson-Tole, E., Wood, G. (2022) 'Short report presenting preliminary evidence of impaired corticomuscular coherence in an individual with Developmental Coordination Disorder.' Research in Developmental Disabilities, 131pp. 104355-104355.
Parr, J., Winwood, K., Hodson-Tole, E., Deconinck, F.J.A., Hill, J.P., Cumming, S.P. (2022) 'Maturity-Associated Differences in Match Running Performance in Elite Male Youth Soccer Players.' International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 17(9) pp. 1352-1360.
Cutler, H.R., Hodson-Tole, E. (2022) 'The repeatability of neuromuscular activation strategies recorded in recreationally active individuals during cycling.' European Journal of Applied Physiology, 122(4) pp. 1045-1057.
Marmoy, O.R., Hodson-Tole, E., Thompson, D.A. (2021) 'Photopic negative response (PhNR) in the diagnosis and monitoring of raised intracranial pressure in children: A prospective cross-sectional and longitudinal protocol.' BMJ Open, 11(7)
Botter, A., Vieira, T., Carbonaro, M., Cerone, G.L., Hodson-Tole, E.F. (2021) 'Electrodes’ configuration influences the agreement between surface EMG and B-mode ultrasound detection of motor unit fasciculation.' IEEE Access, 9pp. 98110-98120.
Degens, H., Attias, J., Evans, D., Wilkins, F., Hodson-Tole, E. (2021) 'The mobility limitation in healthy older people is due to weakness and not slower muscle contractile properties..' PLoS One, 16(6) pp. e0253531-e0253531.
Pratt, J.S., Ross, S.A., Wakeling, J.M., Hodson-Tole, E.F. (2021) 'EMG Signals Can Reveal Information Sharing between Consecutive Pedal Cycles.' Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 53(11) pp. 2436-2444.
Kaczmarczyk, I., Rawji, V., Rothwell, J.C., Hodson-Tole, E., Sharma, N. (2021) 'Comparison between surface electrodes and ultrasound monitoring to measure TMS evoked muscle contraction.' Muscle and Nerve, 63(5) pp. 724-729.
Beach, C., Cooper, G., Weightman, A., Hodson-Tole, E.F., Reeves, N.D., Casson, A.J. (2021) 'Monitoring of dynamic plantar foot temperatures in diabetes with personalised 3d-printed wearables.' Sensors, 21(5) pp. 1-14.
Lai, A.K.M., Tole, E. (2020) 'In vivo oscillations of the soleus muscle can be quantified using b-mode ultrasound imaging during walking and running in humans.' Scientific Reports, 10(1) pp. 20230-20230.
Hendrickse, P.W., Krusnauskas, R., Hodson-Tole, E., Venckunas, T., Degens, H. (2020) 'Endurance exercise plus overload induces fatigue resistance and similar hypertrophy in mice irrespective of muscle mass.' Experimental Physiology, 105(12) pp. 2110-2122.
Parr, J., Winwood, K., Tole, E., Deconinck, F.J.A., Hill, J., Teunissen, J., Cumming, S. (2020) 'The main and interactive effects of biological maturity and relative age on physical performance in elite youth soccer players.' Journal of Sports Medicine, 2020pp. 1957636-1957636.
Hendrickse, P.W., Krusnauskas, R., Hodson-Tole, E., Venckunas, T., Degens, H. (2020) 'Regular endurance exercise of overloaded muscle of young and old male mice does not attenuate hypertrophy and improves fatigue resistance.' GeroScience, 43(2) pp. 741-757.
Parr, J., Winwood, K., Hodson-Tole, E., Deconinck, F.J.A., Parry, L., Hill, J.P., Malina, R.M., Cumming, S.P. (2020) 'Predicting the timing of the peak of the pubertal growth spurt in elite youth soccer players: evaluation of methods.' Annals of human biology, 47(4) pp. 400-408.
Ferrari, E., Cooper, G., Reeves, N.D., Hodson-Tole, E.F. (2020) 'Intrinsic foot muscles act to stabilise the foot when greater fluctuations in centre of pressure movement result from increased postural balance challenge.' Gait and Posture, 79
van Hooren, B., Teratsias, P., Hodson-Tole, E.F. (2020) 'Ultrasound imaging to assess skeletal muscle architecture during movements: A systematic review of methods, reliability, and challenges.' Journal of Applied Physiology, 128(4) pp. 978-999.
Tamborska, A., Bashford, J., Wickham, A., Iniesta, R., Masood, U., Cabassi, C., Planinc, D., Hodson-Tole, E., Drakakis, E., Boutelle, M., Mills, K., Shaw, C. (2020) 'Non-invasive measurement of fasciculation frequency demonstrates diagnostic accuracy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.' Brain Communications, 2(2)
Hodson-Tole, E.F., Blake, O.M., Wakeling, J.M. (2020) 'During cycling what limits maximum mechanical power output at cadences above 120 rpm?.' Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 52(1) pp. 214-224.
Hodson-Tole, E.F., Lai, A.K.M. (2019) 'Ultrasound-derived changes in thickness of human ankle plantar flexor muscles during walking and running are not homogeneous along the muscle mid-belly region.' Scientific Reports, 9(1)
Wolfram, S., Hodson-Tole, E.F., Morse, C.I., Winwood, K.L., McEwan, I.M. (2019) 'Elongation differences between the sub-tendons of gastrocnemius medialis and lateralis during plantarflexion in different frontal plane position of the foot.' Gait and Posture, 75pp. 149-154.
Gillespie, D., Yap, M.H., Hewitt, B.M., Driscoll, H., Simanaviciute, U., Hodson-Tole, E.F., Grant, R.A. (2019) 'Description and validation of the LocoWhisk system: Quantifying rodent exploratory, sensory and motor behaviours.' Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 328
Teklemariam, A., Hodson-Tole, E., Reeves, N.D., Cooper, G. (2019) 'A micromechanical muscle model for determining the impact of motor unit fiber clustering on force transmission in aging skeletal muscle.' Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology, 18(5) pp. 1401-1413.
Bibbings, K., Harding, P.J., Loram, I.D., Combes, N., Hodson-Tole, E.F. (2019) 'Foreground Detection Analysis of Ultrasound Image Sequences Identifies Markers of Motor Neurone Disease across Diagnostically Relevant Skeletal Muscles.' Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology, 45(5) pp. 1164-1175.
Wakeling, J.M., Hodson-Tole, E.F. (2018) 'How do the mechanical demands of cycling affect the information content of the EMG?.' Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 50(12) pp. 2518-2525.
Hendrickse, P., Galinska, M., Hodson-Tole, E., Degens, H. (2018) 'An evaluation of common markers of muscle denervation in denervated young-adult and old rat gastrocnemius muscle..' Experimental Gerontology, 106pp. 159-164.
Ferrari, E., Cooper, G., Reeves, N.D., Hodson-Tole, E.F. (2018) 'Surface electromyography can quantify temporal and spatial patterns of activation of intrinsic human foot muscles.' Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 39pp. 149-155.
Wolfram, S., Winwood, K., Hodson-Tole, E., Morse, C., McEwan, I. (2018) 'Achilles tendon moment arm in humans is not affected by inversion/eversion of the foot: a short report.' Royal Society Open Science, 5(1)
Hodson-Tole, E.F., Wakeling, J.M. (2017) 'Movement Complexity and Neuromechanical Factors Affect the Entropic Half-Life of Myoelectric Signals.' Frontiers in Physiology, 8(679)
Miguez, D., Hodson-Tole, E.F., Loram, I., Harding, P. (2017) 'A technical note on variable inter-frame interval as a cause of non-physiological experimental artefacts in ultrasound.' Royal Society Open Science, 4pp. 170245-170245.
Hewitt, B.M., Yap, M.H., Hodson-Tole, E.F., Kennerley, A.J., Sharp, P.S., Grant, R.A. (2017) 'A novel automated rodent tracker (ART), demonstrated in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis..' Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 300pp. 147-156.
Reddy, P.N., Cooper, G., Weightman, A., Hodson-Tole, E., Reeves, N.D. (2017) 'Walking cadence affects rate of plantar foot temperature change but not final temperature in younger and older adults..' Gait Posture, 52pp. 272-279.
Pantall, A., Hodson-Tole, E.F., Gregor, R.J., Prilutsky, B.I. (2016) 'Increased intensity and reduced frequency of EMG signals from feline self-reinnervated ankle extensors during walking do not normalize excessive lengthening.' Journal of Neurophysiology, 115(5) pp. 2406-2420.
Hodson-Tole, E.F., Wakeling, J.M., Dick, T.J.M. (2016) 'Passive muscle-tendon unit gearing is joint dependent in human medial gastrocnemius.' Frontiers in Physiology, 7
Harding, P.J., Loram, I.D., Combes, N., Hodson-Tole, E.F. (2016) 'Ultrasound-Based Detection of Fasciculations in Healthy and Diseased Muscles.' IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 63
Teklemariam, A., Hodson-Tole, E.F., Reeves, N.D., Costen, N.P., Cooper, G. (2016) 'A Finite Element Model Approach to Determine the Influence of Electrode Design and Muscle Architecture on Myoelectric Signal Properties..' PLoS One, 11
Vieira, T.M., Botter, A., Minetto, M.A., Hodson-Tole, E.F. (2015) 'Spatial variation of compound muscle action potentials across human gastrocnemius medialis.' Journal of Neurophysiology, 114(3) pp. 1617-1627.
Crook, T., Hodson‐Tole, E., Wilson, A. (2014) 'Variations in Muscle Activity of Vastus Lateralis and Gastrocnemius Lateralis with Increasing Draft Load.' Equine Veterinary Journal, 46(S46) pp. 38-39.
Botter, A., Vieira, T.M.M., Loram, I.D., Merletti, R., Hodson-Tole, E.F. (2013) 'A novel system of electrodes transparent to ultrasound for simultaneous detection of myoelectric activity and B-mode ultrasound images of skeletal muscles.' Journal of Applied Physiology, 115(8) pp. 1203-1214.
Vieira, T.M.M., Minetto, M.A., Hodson-Tole, E.F., Botter, A. (2013) 'How much does the human medial gastrocnemius muscle contribute to ankle torques outside the sagittal plane?.' Human Movement Science, 32(4) pp. 753-767.
Vieira, T.M.M., Minetto, M.A., Hodson-Tole, E.F., Botter, A. (2013) 'How much does the human medial gastrocnemius muscle contribute to ankle torques outside the sagittal plane?.' Human Movement Science,
Darby, J., Li, B., Costen, N., Loram, I., Hodson-Tole, E. (2013) 'Estimating skeletal muscle fascicle curvature from B-mode ultrasound image sequences..' IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 60(7) pp. 1935-1945.
Hodson-Tole, E.F., Loram, I.D., Vieira, T.M.M. (2013) 'Myoelectric activity along human gastrocnemius medialis: Different spatial distributions of postural and electrically elicited surface potentials.' Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 23(1) pp. 43-50.
Hodson-Tole, E.F., Loram, I.D., Vieira, T.M.M. (2013) 'Myoelectric activity along human gastrocnemius medialis: different spatial distributions of postural and electrically elicited surface potentials..' J Electromyogr Kinesiol, 23(1) pp. 43-50.
Harding, P.J., Hodson-Tole, E.F., Cunningham, R., Loram, I., Costen, N. (2012) 'Automated detection of skeletal muscle twitches from B-mode ultrasound images: An application to motor neuron disease.' Proceedings - International Conference on Pattern Recognition, pp. 2630-2633.
Hodson-Tole, E.F., Pantall, A., Maas, H., Farrell, B., Gregor, R.J., Prilutsky, B.I. (2012) 'Task-dependent activity of motor unit populations in feline ankle extensor muscles.' Journal of Experimental Biology, 215(21) pp. 3711-3722.
Darby, J., Hodson-Tole, E.F., Costen, N., Loram, I.D. (2012) 'Automated regional analysis of B-mode ultrasound images of skeletal muscle movement..' J Appl Physiol (1985), 112(2) pp. 313-327.
Prilutsky, B.I., Maas, H., Bulgakova, M., Hodson-Tole, E.F., Gregor, R.J. (2011) 'Short-term motor compensations to denervation of feline soleus and lateral gastrocnemius result in preservation of ankle mechanical output during locomotion.' Cells Tissues Organs, 193(5) pp. 310-324.
CROOK, T.C., WILSON, A., HODSON‐TOLE, E. (2010) 'The effect of treadmill speed and gradient on equine hindlimb muscle activity.' Equine Veterinary Journal, 42(s38) pp. 412-416.
Crook, T.C., Cruickshank, S.E., McGowan, C.M., Stubbs, N., Wilson, A.M., Hodson-Tole, E., Payne, R.C. (2010) 'A comparison of the moment arms of pelvic limb muscles in horses bred for acceleration (Quarter Horse) and endurance (Arab).' Journal of Anatomy, 217(1) pp. 26-37.
Maas, H., Gregor, R.J., Hodson-Tole, E.F., Farrell, B.J., English, A.W., Prilutsky, B.I. (2010) 'Locomotor changes in length and EMG activity of feline medial gastrocnemius muscle following paralysis of two synergists.' Experimental Brain Research, 203(4) pp. 681-692.
Hodson-Tole, E.F., Wakeling, J.M. (2010) 'The influence of strain and activation on the locomotor function of rat ankle extensor muscles.' Journal of Experimental Biology, 213(2) pp. 318-330.
Childers, W.L., Hodson-Tole, E.F., Gregor, R.J. (2009) 'Activation Changes In The Gastrocnemius Muscle: Adaptation To A New Functional Role Following Amputation..' Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 41(5) pp. 168-168.
Maas, H., Gregor, R.J., Hodson-Tole, E.F., Farrell, B.J., Prilutsky, B.I. (2009) 'Distinct muscle fascicle length changes in feline medial gastrocnemius and soleus muscles during slope walking.' Journal of Applied Physiology, 106(4) pp. 1169-1180.
Hodson-Tole, E.F., Wakeling, J.M. (2009) 'Motor unit recruitment for dynamic tasks: Current understanding and future directions.' Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology, 179(1) pp. 57-66.
Hodson-Tole, E.F., Wakeling, J.M. (2008) 'Motor unit recruitment patterns 2: The influence of myoelectric intensity and muscle fascicle strain rate.' Journal of Experimental Biology, 211(12) pp. 1893-1902.
Hodson-Tole, E.F., Wakeling, J.M. (2008) 'Motor unit recruitment patterns 1: Responses to changes in locomotor velocity and incline.' Journal of Experimental Biology, 211(12) pp. 1882-1892.
Hodson-Tole, E.F., Wakeling, J.M. (2007) 'Variations in motor unit recruitment patterns occur within and between muscles in the running rat (Rattus norvegicus).' Journal of Experimental Biology, 210(13) pp. 2333-2345.
Hodson-Tole, E. (2006) 'Effects of treadmill inclination and speed on forelimb muscle activity and kinematics in the horse.' Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology, 3(2) pp. 61-72.
Lovett, T., Hodson-Tole, E., Nankervis, K. (2005) 'A preliminary investigation of rider position during walk, trot and canter.' Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology, 2(2) pp. 71-76.
Clayton, H.M., Hodson, E., Lanovaz, J.L., Colborne, G.R. (2001) 'The hindlimb in walking horses: 2. Net joint moments and joint powers.' Equine Veterinary Journal, 33(1) pp. 44-48.
Hodson, E., Clayton, H.M., Lanovaz, J.L. (2001) 'The hindlimb in walking horses: 1. Kinematics and ground reaction forces.' Equine Veterinary Journal, 33(1) pp. 38-43.
Hodson, E., Clayton, H.M., Lanovaz, J.L. (2000) 'The forelimb in walking horses: 1. Kinematics and ground reaction forces.' Equine Veterinary Journal, 32(4) pp. 287-294.
Clayton, H.M., Hodson, E., Lanovaz, J.L. (2000) 'The forelimb in walking horses: 2. Net joint moments and joint powers.' Equine Veterinary Journal, 32(4) pp. 295-300.
Hodson, E.F., Clayton, H.M., Lanovaz, J.L. (1999) 'Temporal analysis of walk movements in the Grand Prix dressage test at the 1996 Olympic Games.' Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 62(2-3) pp. 89-97.
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Conference papers
Botter, A., Carbonaro, M., Vieira, T.M., Hodson-Tole, E. (2019) 'Identification of muscle fasciculations from surface EMG: Comparison with ultrasound-based detection∗.' pp. 5117-5120.
Reddy, P.N., Cooper, G., Weightman, A., Hodson-Tole, E., Reeves, N.D. (2017) 'How does walking influence plantar foot temperature changes in younger and older adults? Implications for people with diabetes.' 8/3/2017 - 10/3/2017.
Nadipi Reddy, P., Cooper, G., Weightman, A., Tole, E., Reeves, N. (2016) 'An in-shoe temperature measurement system for studying diabetic foot ulceration etiology: preliminary results with healthy participants.' In The Second CIRP Conference on Biomanufacturing. Manchester, 29/7/2015 - 31/7/2015.
Nadipi Reddy, P., Dougill, G., Weightman, A., Tole, E., Reeves, N., Cooper, G. (2016) 'Experimental modelling of heat generation in porcine tissue to investigate the etiology of diabetic foot ulceration.' In The Second CIRP Conference on Biomanufacturing. Manchester, 29/7/2015 - 31/7/2015.
Nadipi Reddy, P., Sulaimon, R., Cooper, G., Weightman, A., Tole, E., Reeves, N. (2015) 'Changes in Temperature of the Foot as a Function of Walking Speed.' In XXV Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics. Glasgow, 12/7/2015 - 16/7/2015.
Teklemariam, A., Cooper, G., Hodson-Tole, E.F., Reeves, N.D., Costen, N.P. (2014) 'A Finite Element Model Simulation of Surface EMG Signals Based on Muscle Tissue Dielectric Properties and Electrodes Configuration.' IEEE,
Alexoulis-Chrysovergis, A.C., Weightman, A., Hodson-Tole, E., Deconinck, F.J.A. (2013) 'Error augmented robotic rehabilitation of the upper limb a review.' pp. 167-178.
Hodson-Tole, E.F., Gregor, R.J., Maas, H., Farrell, B.J., Prilutsky, B.I. (2009) 'Patterns of motor unit recruitment in feline ankle extensor muscles during different motor tasks.' In Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Experimental-Biology. 153A. Glasgow, SCOTLAND, 28/6/2009 - 1/7/2009. ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC, pp. S124-S124.
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Other
Hodson-Tole, E., Wakeling, J. (2018) Complexity of Myoelectric Signals is Influenced by Mechanical Demands of Locomotion.
Vieira, T.M., Wakeling, J.M., Hodson-Tole, E.F. (2016) Is there sufficient evidence to claim muscle units are not localised and functionally grouped within the human gastrocnemius?.
McNulty, P.A., Hodson-Tole, E.F. (2016) Letter in response to "High-frequency ultrasound in guiding needle insertion for microneurography" by Granata and colleagues.